Guide to Making Decisions in a Medical Emergency

Responding effectively to a medical emergency can make the difference between life and death. Whether at home, work, or in a public place, knowing how to act quickly and correctly can help save lives. This guide outlines essential steps to take during a medical crisis to ensure the best possible outcome.

1. Evaluate the Situation

The first and most important step is to stay calm and assess the scene. Panic can delay decision-making and hinder your ability to provide help. Look around to ensure there are no immediate dangers, such as fire, electrical hazards, or moving traffic, that could put you or the injured person at further risk. If necessary, move to a safe location before offering assistance.

Next, check the condition of the individual. Are they conscious? Responsive? If they are unresponsive, gently tap their shoulder and call out to them. If there is no reaction, check for breathing and a pulse. If neither is present, immediate action is required.

2. Contact Emergency Services

Once you determine the severity of the situation, call emergency services immediately. In the U.S., dial 911; in other countries, use the appropriate emergency number. When speaking to the dispatcher, clearly state:

• Your exact location
• The type of emergency (e.g., heart attack, accident, stroke)
• The individual’s condition (breathing, conscious, bleeding, etc.)
• Any first aid steps you have taken

Stay on the line until the dispatcher says it’s okay to hang up. They may provide instructions on how to assist the person before medical help arrives.

3. Administer Basic First Aid

While waiting for emergency responders, provide appropriate first aid based on the individual’s condition:

• No Breathing or Pulse (Cardiac Arrest): Begin CPR immediately. Place the person on a firm surface, perform chest compressions (100–120 per minute), and, if trained, provide rescue breaths. If an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is available, use it.
• Choking: If the person cannot breathe, cough, or speak, perform the Heimlich maneuver by applying abdominal thrusts. For infants, use gentle back blows and chest thrusts.
• Severe Bleeding: Apply direct pressure to the wound using a clean cloth or bandage to slow bleeding. If possible, elevate the affected limb while maintaining pressure.
• Seizures: Turn the person onto their side to prevent choking and remove any nearby objects that could cause injury. Do not restrain them or put anything in their mouth. After the seizure stops, check their breathing and responsiveness.
• Stroke Symptoms (FAST Test): If someone exhibits signs of a stroke—Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties—call 911 immediately. Time is crucial for stroke treatment.

4. Stay with the Individual and Monitor Their Condition

Remain with the person and provide reassurance while closely monitoring their condition. Keep them comfortable and continue checking their breathing and responsiveness. If they become unconscious, place them in the recovery position—lying on their side—to keep their airway clear and prevent choking.

Avoid giving food, drinks, or medication unless directed by medical professionals. Even if they appear to recover, wait for emergency responders to properly assess the situation.

5. Prepare for Future Emergencies

Being prepared can make a significant difference in handling emergencies effectively. Consider enrolling in a certified first aid and CPR course to gain practical life-saving skills. Additionally, keep a well-stocked first aid kit at home, work, and in your car, including bandages, antiseptic wipes, gloves, and emergency contact numbers.

By staying calm, acting quickly, and following these essential steps, you can make critical decisions that may help prevent complications and save lives.

Infographic provided by INTERCEPTOR Legal Support Services